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The last few years have seen incredibly rapid progress in the field of generative artificial intelligence. Talking to machines and getting answers in natural language is part of our new, elusive normal. Driven by the exponential growth of both computing power and internet-scale data, our new digital assistants are trained by estimating the most likely next element of a given context. Recent years have clearly shown that this general objective can lead to the ability to develop complex and diverse capabilities from simple principles. At the same time, however, it can lead to interesting structures in the compression of the training data and sometimes to unpredictable artefacts. The aim of this article is to shed light on the mechanisms behind current large language models and to provide guidance on how to get the best answers to a question.

Dear josha-journal readers, Welcome to our second issue 2024! The josha team has selected an interesting range of topics for all readers. One thing will increasingly accompany medicine and all of us in the coming years. Medicine without artificial intelligence will be unthinkable in the future. It is already expanding our horizons enormously and still holds a wealth of possibilities for the future. A team of AI and medicine experts in Freiburg is testing the many possibilities in oncology. However, despite the wide range of potential, ethical and regulatory considerations are taken into account when developing therapies. Medicine, psychology, education and artificial intelligence also play a key role in other articles in this issue. Papers come from Brazil, Nigeria and Germany. The josha team wishes all readers an exciting and scientifically enlightening read.

This communication presents the long-term vision of AI-optimized cancer therapy based on automated adaptive dosing. The idea is to have an AI-controlled therapeutic system that administers microdoses from information obtained from low-power sensors, which could improve patient quality and survival. While this idea has not been implemented for cancer yet, there are similar health interventions in cancer (not using AI) and in diabetes (using AI) that serve as precedents. However, there are still major challenges to tackle, such as identifying relevant, measurable, and reasonably costly tumor markers and dealing with the enormous combinatorial potential for a rapid and effective response in individual cases. The paper proposes a dual process to address these challenges, involving collecting initial findings in vitro and investigating tumor markers for their transferability to in vivo systems.

Makarantar Ilimi and its curriculum occupy a special and important position in the transmission of knowledge in Northern Nigerian society, shedding light on its significance in fostering education, preserving traditional knowledge, and promoting social cohesion. In Chapter Three, Al-amin examines Makarantar Ilimi and its curriculum in the context of northern Nigeria. He argues that understanding its curriculum is essential for appreciating the rich tapestry of education in Nigeria, where traditional and formal systems often coexist and complement each other in shaping the nation's future generations.

Ulrich Rommelfanger’s paper addresses the complex issue of academic misconduct. With respect to claiming financial damage due to plagiarism, he overlooks the fact that, as a rule, the author of the original text had to assign his copyright to the academic publisher before publication. The reader wonders what is the point of all the fuss and the appeal to professors to take action against plagiarism if no copyright holder is demanding damages. From JOSHA's point of view, the fight against data fabrication, deliberate falsification and misinterpretation is much more important. This actually causes immense damage to patients, subsequent research, sponsors and society as a whole. Here, Rommelfanger remains brief and resigned to the lack of effective control by peer reviews.

In Chapter Two, Al-amin attempts to combine both the anthropological and historical approaches to describe the processes of traditional Qur’anic education and scholarship in Borno, especially the recent trends. He examines the origin, types, methods, and stages of Qur’anic education. Therefore, he concludes that the status of Qur’anic education and scholarship in Borno is set for the heights regardless of the socio-cultural challenges and the misconceptions attributed to it.

In Chapter One, Al-amin revisits the dynamics that shaped the evolution of education in Northern Nigeria from pre-colonial times to the present day, with a particular focus on the socio-economic, political, and cultural factors that influenced the nature of educational provision and access. He draws on a wide range of sources to illuminate the complex relationships between education, colonialism, and social change. He further shows how education was used as a tool for social control and how it became a site of resistance and contestation during periods of political upheaval.

The research, by Alaide Vitória Cardoso Garcia and Maria Eduarda Rangel Vilela Pinheiro, guided by Fernanda Lima Monteiro, explores how media, particularly social media, significantly influences female adolescent behavior regarding self-esteem and body image, correlating this influence with the rise of restrictive anorexia. The methodology involves an integrative bibliographic review using databases like Google Scholar, Scielo, and LILACS to establish a connection between social media use and anorexia development in female adolescents. The research emphasizes the historical imposition of beauty standards and the intensified impact of contemporary media on body image.

The object of study of this paper is The Decay of Lying by Oscar Wilde. In The Decay of Lying, Wilde presents the four main theses of his aesthetic philosophy that are the following: Art never expresses anything but itself, all bad Art comes from returning to Life and Nature and elevating them into ideals, Life imitates Art far more than Art imitates Life, Lying, the telling of beautiful untrue things, is the proper aim of Art. (Wilde 1905, 83-85) These are presented in the form of a Socratic Dialogue. Plato creates this form to present transcendent truths. (Puchner 2010, 30-35) According to Quintus, the aesthetic philosophy of Wilde already creates a tension between the content and the form. (Quintus 1980, 559) This gets accentuated when it comes to the Socratic Dialogue. In this paper, I explore the dimensions of this question, if there is tension, and how Wilde plays with it. I conclude that Wilde, using the Socratic Dialogue, transforms and adapts it to his philosophy.

The year 2023 is drawing to a close and, unfortunately, some of us will not remember it too positively. The global upheavals – climate damage, war, migration and more – are casting too much of a shadow over coexistence on the planet. We at Josha Journal and the International Academy of Sciences, Humanities and Arts do not want to join in. We want to continue to be open to the world, curious and collaborative. Not only, but especially in the scientific community, these are values which must be cultivated! The Josha Journal is designed to be international, and we have once again achieved this goal in the year that is drawing to a close. So perhaps the year didn't go so badly after all. We will continue to be open to new knowledge in the new year 2024. You, the Josha community, are welcome to share this with us and get involved! Contributions are always welcome. The teams at the Journal and the Academy, wish everyone a happy new year 2024.