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The paper seeks out to examine the status, roles, and functions of ‘Ulamā in Borno from the seventeenth century to the twentieth century. The high ‘Ulamā in Borno were those who had an official position either in the learned orthodox hierarchy or in the Sufi mystical one. Being an ‘Ulamā is a prime status honor in the Borno. They also have considerable power and a great influence on most Muslims in the Borno society. Thus, they have played a significant role in the propagation, dissemination, and development of Islamic religious knowledge, both Qur’anic education, and Islamic sciences in West Africa in particular and Africa in general. They also serve as intelligentsia, preachers, Imams, teachers, and supernatural endeavors of the state.

Sigmund Freud described very few cases, but more details have come out over the years despite the efforts of the Freud estate to embargo embarrassing records. Mikkel Borch-Jacobsen, a leading historian of psychoanalysis, has described thirty-eight patients treated by Freud. He refrains from taking into account Freud’s interpretations, instead providing an account of how Freud interacted with his patients, contrasting with the canonical version. The conclusion he draws is that Freud’s cures were largely ineffectual, when they were not downright destructive. Relevant aspects of the background and circumstances of the cases is provided. Many patients were of aristocratic descent, some enormously wealthy, a significant number were Jewish, while Americans were given priority because of the high value of the US dollar. It also provides an insight into the fading world of fin de siècle Vienna and how incestuous was the Jewish circle of Freud, his family and patients.

This is a speech addressed to the public of the BioThera Roland Mertelsmann Foundation’s meeting on November 5th 2021, Freiburg, with the motto Artificial Intelligence and Translational Oncology: Cancer Treatment 5.0? where I explain and defend the importance of a Philosophy Research Program on artificial intelligence and machine learning in oncology. The speech has been slightly edited for its publication from the oral version. Ignacio Mastroleo National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) and Programa de Bioetica, Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencieas Sociales (FLACSO), Buenos Aires, Argentina. ignaciomastro@gmail.com

Experimental data is what we do with it. It is the analysis that makes them relevant (or not). We have to be especially careful to look at it as fairly as possible. Otherwise, we will see whatever each of us wants to see, always. In February 2013, Junhee Seok showed that mouse models poorly mimic human diseases. In June 2014, Keizo Takao and Tsuyoshi Miyakawa used the same data to conclude the opposite. This is the story of how they shocked the scientific community.

This contribution deals with the question of foreign influences on the Fon fairy tales from Benin (West Africa). It has endeavoured to answer the question whether the similarities found in some Fon fairy tales that have been handed down until now and in some Grimm’s fairy tales that have been written down since the 19th century have an effect on the authenticity of the former. It shows that at the centre of the similarities between fairy tales from different cultures is the human being himself through his mental disposition as a producer of the same or similar fairy tales.

What is a psychiatric disorder? How do you distinguish madness from normal behaviour? The nomenklatura of American psychiatry follow a be fruitful-and-multiply approach, with every edition of the DSM – the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual – proffering a dazzling array of new conditions. Where these disorders arise is a matter of contentious debate with a strong school of thought contending that they emerge, not from decades of careful clinical observation, but the exigencies of an organising committee with its accompanying politics. This is hardly a good way for a behavioural science to progress, but unwittingly perpetuates a postmodern trope where truth is a dubious entity.

The past year was again strongly influenced by the pandemic. But while events with attendance had to be cancelled again to a large extent, we were able to continue the digital work on our journal. In addition to Covid-19, other topics dominate the current discussion in society, business and politics. These topics also find their way into the journal, for example, an article by Astrid Heinl is about more women in leadership positions. For those who want to leave the troubles of the pandemic behind and wander a little further afield, there is the opportunity to read the tribute to Bordeaux. It comes from the president of the International Academy of Sciences, Humanities and Arts Gerhard Steinmann. Now we hope you enjoy reading the journal. We have just started our 9th Volume and are full of energy and positivity for the upcoming year. The whole Journal-Team wishes you a Happy New Year 2022!

The system of human development has undergone major transformations in relation to the development of life style of the urbanites, with the improvement of human standard of living. The main purpose of this paper is to promote greater architectural design knowledge in the field of multifunctional contemporary structures and spaces, hence further encouragement for academic research. Through a review of the literature, the paper explores various aspects related to planning, design, philosophy, convenience, strategy, sustainability and efficiency of those nowadays spaces and structures. The following research methods are used for the purposes of this paper: the basic used methods are inductive and deductive evaluation, in the dialectical method of separating the unity of the general and the particular. During the research, are applied comparative and descriptive methods, comparative analysis, literature description.

For the next glass of Bordeaux, it's not far, everywhere in the world. The way to the city of Bordeaux can be very long, but it is worth it. This is a trilingual tribute to a city with which the authors have developed a very personal relationship over the decades. Especially since the turn of the millennium, we have witnessed with great enthusiasm how the city is developing into a French jewel. Not only a student city, but also a city of French high culture in all areas, history, sciences, arts and last not least French culinary. On the way to the Atlantic, a detour is worthwhile. What could be better than a day in Bordeaux! Gerhard Steinmann, International Academy of Sciences, Humanities and Arts, Freiburg i.Br., Germany with photos of Claudia Steinmann-Fölger and others

According to UNAIDS, 37.6 million people globally were living with HIV in 2020. In 2016, the United Nations General Assembly’s Political Declaration on Ending AIDS established the 90-90-90 targets: (1) to diagnose 90% of people living with HIV, (2) to secure the treatment for 90% among people who knew their status, and (3) to reach virally suppression in 90% of people accessing treatment by the end of 2020. As Undetectable = Untransmittable, AIDS should be controlled by 2030. In this article, originally published in El Gato y La Caja, Dr. José Barletta discusses the relevance of viral suppression in HIV+ patients.